100 Basic Python Codes

import os
os.chdir('YOURPATH')    # Set working directory
os. getcwd()

python3 -m pip install requests pandas matplotlib

!pip install requests pandas matplotlib

conda install requests pandas matplotlib

import requests

download_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fivethirtyeight/data/master/nba-elo/nbaallelo.csv"
target_csv_path = "nba_all_elo.csv"

response = requests.get(download_url)
response.raise_for_status()    # Check that the request was successful
with open(target_csv_path, "wb") as f:
    f.write(response.content)
print("Download ready.")

Output:
Download ready.

import pandas as pd
nba = pd.read_csv("nba_all_elo.csv")
type(nba)
pandas.core.frame.DataFrame

len(nba)
126314

nba.shape
(126314, 23)

nba.head()
gameorder	game_id	lg_id	_iscopy	year_id	date_game	seasongame	is_playoffs	team_id	fran_id	...	win_equiv	opp_id	opp_fran	opp_pts	opp_elo_i	opp_elo_n	game_location	game_result	forecast	notes
0	1	194611010TRH	NBA	0	1947	11/1/1946	1	0	TRH	Huskies	...	40.294830	NYK	Knicks	68	1300.0000	1306.7233	H	L	0.640065	NaN
1	1	194611010TRH	NBA	1	1947	11/1/1946	1	0	NYK	Knicks	...	41.705170	TRH	Huskies	66	1300.0000	1293.2767	A	W	0.359935	NaN
2	2	194611020CHS	NBA	0	1947	11/2/1946	1	0	CHS	Stags	...	42.012257	NYK	Knicks	47	1306.7233	1297.0712	H	W	0.631101	NaN
3	2	194611020CHS	NBA	1	1947	11/2/1946	2	0	NYK	Knicks	...	40.692783	CHS	Stags	63	1300.0000	1309.6521	A	L	0.368899	NaN
4	3	194611020DTF	NBA	0	1947	11/2/1946	1	0	DTF	Falcons	...	38.864048	WSC	Capitols	50	1300.0000	1320.3811	H	L	0.640065	NaN

pd.set_option("display.max.columns", None)
pd.set_option("display.precision", 2)

nba.tail()
gameorder	game_id	lg_id	_iscopy	year_id	date_game	seasongame	is_playoffs	team_id	fran_id	pts	elo_i	elo_n	win_equiv	opp_id	opp_fran	opp_pts	opp_elo_i	opp_elo_n	game_location	game_result	forecast	notes
126309	63155	201506110CLE	NBA	0	2015	6/11/2015	100	1	CLE	Cavaliers	82	1723.41	1704.39	60.31	GSW	Warriors	103	1790.96	1809.98	H	L	0.55	NaN
126310	63156	201506140GSW	NBA	0	2015	6/14/2015	102	1	GSW	Warriors	104	1809.98	1813.63	68.01	CLE	Cavaliers	91	1704.39	1700.74	H	W	0.77	NaN
126311	63156	201506140GSW	NBA	1	2015	6/14/2015	101	1	CLE	Cavaliers	91	1704.39	1700.74	60.01	GSW	Warriors	104	1809.98	1813.63	A	L	0.23	NaN
126312	63157	201506170CLE	NBA	0	2015	6/16/2015	102	1	CLE	Cavaliers	97	1700.74	1692.09	59.29	GSW	Warriors	105	1813.63	1822.29	H	L	0.48	NaN
126313	63157	201506170CLE	NBA	1	2015	6/16/2015	103	1	GSW	Warriors	105	1813.63	1822.29	68.52	CLE	Cavaliers	97	1700.74	1692.09	A	W	0.52	NaN

nba.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 126314 entries, 0 to 126313
Data columns (total 23 columns):
 #   Column         Non-Null Count   Dtype  
---  ------         --------------   -----  
 0   gameorder      126314 non-null  int64  
 1   game_id        126314 non-null  object 
 2   lg_id          126314 non-null  object 
 3   _iscopy        126314 non-null  int64  
 4   year_id        126314 non-null  int64  
 5   date_game      126314 non-null  object 
 6   seasongame     126314 non-null  int64  
 7   is_playoffs    126314 non-null  int64  
 8   team_id        126314 non-null  object 
 9   fran_id        126314 non-null  object 
 10  pts            126314 non-null  int64  
 11  elo_i          126314 non-null  float64
 12  elo_n          126314 non-null  float64
 13  win_equiv      126314 non-null  float64
 14  opp_id         126314 non-null  object 
 15  opp_fran       126314 non-null  object 
 16  opp_pts        126314 non-null  int64  
 17  opp_elo_i      126314 non-null  float64
 18  opp_elo_n      126314 non-null  float64
 19  game_location  126314 non-null  object 
 20  game_result    126314 non-null  object 
 21  forecast       126314 non-null  float64
 22  notes          5424 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(6), int64(7), object(10)
memory usage: 22.2+ MB

nba.describe().T

#Examine how often specific values occur in a column

nba["team_id"].value_counts()

BOS    5997
NYK    5769
LAL    5078
DET    4985
PHI    4533
       ... 
INJ      60
PIT      60
DTF      60
TRH      60
SDS      11
Name: team_id, Length: 104, dtype: int64

nba.loc[nba["fran_id"] == "Lakers", "team_id"].value_counts()
LAL    5078
MNL     946
Name: team_id, dtype: int64

nba["date_played"] = pd.to_datetime(nba["date_game"])
nba.loc[nba["team_id"] == "MNL", "date_played"].min()
nba.loc[nba['team_id'] == 'MNL', 'date_played'].max()
nba.loc[nba["team_id"] == "MNL", "date_played"].agg(("min", "max"))

Output:
min   1948-11-04
max   1960-03-26
Name: date_played, dtype: datetime64[ns]

email = input("Enter Your Email: ").strip()

username = email[:email.index('@')]
domain = email[email.index('@') + 1:]

print(f"Your username is {username} & domain is {domain}")

Enter Your Email: metava922@gmail.com
Your username is metava922 & domain is gmail.com

name=input("what is your name? ")
print("Hello {} !".format(name))
print(type(name))
num1=input("write a number")
num1=int(num1)
num=5
type(num)
result=num+num1
print("{}+{}={}".format(num,num1,result))

what is your name? Al
Hello Al !
<class 'str'>
write a number15
5+15=20

a=[14,15,"Said"]
b=[14,58,56]
b_copy=b[:]
c=a+b
print(c)
print("a:{} and b:{}".format(a,b))
print("a's location is {}, b's location is {}.".format(id(a),id(b)))
a[0]=165
print("a's location is {}, b's location is {}.".format(id(a),id(b)))
print(b_copy)
family=["Said","Maureen","Mina","Fatima"]
print("first letter of each one: {},{},{},{}".format(family[0][0],family[1][0],family[2][0],family[3][0]))

[14, 15, 'Said', 14, 58, 56]
a:[14, 15, 'Said'] and b:[14, 58, 56]
a's location is 2582634989888, b's location is 2582634988736.
a's location is 2582634989888, b's location is 2582634988736.
[14, 58, 56]
first letter of each one: S,M,M,F

#While_loop
names=["Bob","Jack","Bob","Alpha","Astra","Bob"]
n=names.count("Bob")
while n>1:
    names.remove("Bob")
    n-=1
print(names)
['Jack', 'Alpha', 'Astra', 'Bob']

languages = ['Swift', 'Python', 'Go']

# access elements of the list one by one
for i in languages:
    print(i)
Swift
Python
Go

# This function adds two numbers
def add(x, y):
    return x + y

# This function subtracts two numbers
def subtract(x, y):
    return x - y

# This function multiplies two numbers
def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

# This function divides two numbers
def divide(x, y):
    return x / y


print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")

while True:
    # take input from the user
    choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")

    # check if choice is one of the four options
    if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):
        try:
            num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
            num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
        except ValueError:
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
            continue

        if choice == '1':
            print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))

        elif choice == '2':
            print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2))

        elif choice == '3':
            print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2))

        elif choice == '4':
            print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))
        
        # check if user wants another calculation
        # break the while loop if answer is no
        next_calculation = input("Let's do next calculation? (yes/no): ")
        if next_calculation == "no":
          break
    else:
        print("Invalid Input")

Select operation.
1.Add
2.Subtract
3.Multiply
4.Divide
Enter choice(1/2/3/4): 1
Enter first number: 45
Enter second number: 22
45.0 + 22.0 = 67.0
Let's do next calculation? (yes/no): no

celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in celsius: "))
fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32
print('%.2f Celsius is: %0.2f Fahrenheit' %(celsius, fahrenheit))

Enter temperature in celsius: 23
23.00 Celsius is: 73.40 Fahrenheit

fahrenheit = float(input("Enter temperature in fahrenheit: "))
celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9
print('%.2f Fahrenheit is: %0.2f Celsius' %(fahrenheit, celsius))

Enter temperature in fahrenheit: 100
100.00 Fahrenheit is: 37.78 Celsius

SYSVOLT = 5
ADC_RESOLUTION = 4095
MAX_VOLT = 2.442
MIN_VOLT = 0

MIN_TEMP = -50
MAX_TEMP = 50
def adc_raw_value(v):
    if(v >= MIN_VOLT and v <= MAX_VOLT):
        ADC = (v*(ADC_RESOLUTION/SYSVOLT))
        return round(ADC)
    else:
        return None
    
def adc_to_c(x):
    if x == 0:
        return -50
    else:
        return ((adc_to_c(x-1)) + 0.05)
def sensor_temp(v):
    print(f"SENSOR READ: {v} Volt")
    ADC = adc_raw_value(v)
    if ADC is None:
        print("Voltage is not within the sensor range")
    else:
        print("**********************\nAnalog to Digital Convertion\n**********************")
        print(f"Analog: {v}\nDigital: {ADC}")
        print("**********************")
        print(f"Temperature is: {round(adc_to_c(ADC))}")
sensor_temp(MIN_VOLT)
SENSOR READ: 0 Volt
**********************
Analog to Digital Convertion
**********************
Analog: 0
Digital: 0
**********************
Temperature is: -50
sensor_temp(MAX_VOLT) 
SENSOR READ: 2.442 Volt
**********************
Analog to Digital Convertion
**********************
Analog: 2.442
Digital: 2000
**********************
Temperature is: 50
sensor_temp(1.221) 
SENSOR READ: 1.221 Volt
**********************
Analog to Digital Convertion
**********************
Analog: 1.221
Digital: 1000
**********************
Temperature is: 0
sensor_temp(1.5)
SENSOR READ: 1.5 Volt
**********************
Analog to Digital Convertion
**********************
Analog: 1.5
Digital: 1228
**********************
Temperature is: 11

import numpy as np
a = np.array([34, 5, 89, 23, 76])
print(np.sort(a))
Output:
[ 5 23 34 76 89]

import random
when = ['A few years ago', 'Yesterday', 'Last night', 'A long time ago','On 20th Jan']
who = ['a rabbit', 'an elephant', 'a mouse', 'a turtle','a cat']
name = ['Ali', 'Miriam','daniel', 'Hoouk', 'Starwalker']
residence = ['Barcelona','India', 'Germany', 'Venice', 'England']
went = ['cinema', 'university','seminar', 'school', 'laundry']
happened = ['made a lot of friends','Eats a burger', 'found a secret key', 'solved a mystery', 'wrote a book']
print(random.choice(when) + ', ' + random.choice(who) + ' that lived in ' + random.choice(residence) + ', went to the ' + random.choice(went) + ' and ' + random.choice(happened))

Output:
On 20th Jan, a turtle that lived in Venice, went to the university and solved a mystery

import calendar

#initialize the year and the month variables

yr = 2024

mnth = 2

# printing the calendar

print(calendar.month(yr, mnth))

Output:
   February 2024
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
          1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8  9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29

# create a product and price for three items
product1_name, product1_price = 'Books', 50.95
product2_name, product2_price = 'Computer', 598.99
product3_name, product3_price = 'Monitor', 156.89

# create a company name and information
company_name = 'Thecleverprogrammer, inc.'
company_address = '144 Kalka ji.'
company_city = 'New Delhi'

# declare ending message
message = 'Thanks for shopping with us today!'

# create a top border
print('*' * 50)

# print company information first using format
print('\t\t{}'.format(company_name.title()))
print('\t\t{}'.format(company_address.title()))
print('\t\t{}'.format(company_city.title()))

# print a line between sections
print('=' * 50)

# print out header for section of items
print('\tProduct Name\tProduct Price')

# create a print statement for each item
print('\t{}\t\t${}'.format(product1_name.title(), product1_price))
print('\t{}\t${}'.format(product2_name.title(), product2_price))
print('\t{}\t\t${}'.format(product3_name.title(), product3_price))

# print a line between sections
print('=' * 50)

# print out header for section of total
print('\t\t\tTotal')

# calculate total price and print out
total = product1_price + product2_price + product3_price
print('\t\t\t${}'.format(total))

# print a line between sections
print('=' * 50)

# output thank you message
print('\n\t{}\n'.format(message))

# create a bottom border
print('*' * 50)
Output:
**************************************************
		Thecleverprogrammer, Inc.
		144 Kalka Ji.
		New Delhi
==================================================
	Product Name	Product Price
	Books		$50.95
	Computer	$598.99
	Monitor		$156.89
==================================================
			Total
			$806.83
==================================================

	Thanks for shopping with us today!

**************************************************

name="john"+" "+"smith"
print(name.title())
print("Hello {},you are {} years old".format(name.title(),28))
print(f"Hello {name.title()}")
print("It is {},he is {} years old and his name is  {}!".format(False,28,"John Smith".title()))
print(name.replace("john smith","Said ZITOUNI"))

Output:
John Smith
Hello John Smith,you are 28 years old
Hello John Smith
It is False,he is 28 years old and his name is  John Smith!
Said ZITOUNI

name="john"+" "+"smith"
print(name.replace("john smith","Said ZITOUNI"))
print(name.upper())
print(name.find("ohn"))
print(name.strip())
list=name.split(" ")
print(list)
s="$$John"
print(s.lstrip('$'))

Output:
Said ZITOUNI
JOHN SMITH
1
john smith
['john', 'smith']
John

import random

def get_word():
    """
    This function returns a random word from a list of words
    """
    word_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elderberry", "fig", "grape"]
    return random.choice(word_list)

def play_game():
    word = get_word()
    word_letters = set(word)
    alphabet = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
    used_letters = set()
    lives = 6

    # Loop until either the word is guessed or the lives run out
    while len(word_letters) > 0 and lives > 0:
        # Display the current state of the word
        word_list = [letter if letter in used_letters else '_' for letter in word]
        print("Current word: ", ' '.join(word_list))

        # Get a user's guess
        user_letter = input("Guess a letter: ").lower()

        if user_letter in alphabet - used_letters:
            used_letters.add(user_letter)
            if user_letter in word_letters:
                word_letters.remove(user_letter)
            else:
                lives = lives - 1
                print("Letter is not in word.")
        elif user_letter in used_letters:
            print("You have already used that letter. Guess again.")
        else:
            print("Invalid character. Please enter a letter.")

    # The game has ended, display the result
    if lives == 0:
        print("You died, sorry. The word was", word)
    else:
        print("You guessed the word", word, "!!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    play_game()
Output:
Current word:  _ _ _ _ _
Guess a letter: a
Current word:  _ _ a _ _
Guess a letter: c
Letter is not in word.
Current word:  _ _ a _ _
Guess a letter: e
Current word:  _ _ a _ e
Guess a letter: g
Current word:  g _ a _ e
Guess a letter: r
Current word:  g r a _ e
Guess a letter: p
You guessed the word grape !!

#If the bill was $150.00, split between 5 people, with 12% tip. 
#Each person should pay (150.00 / 5) * 1.12 = 33.6
#Format the result to 2 decimal places = 33.60
#Tip: You might need to do some research in Google to figure out how to do this.

print("Welcome to the Tip Calculator")

bill = float(input("What was the total bill? $"))
percentage = int(input("What percentage tip would you like to give? 10, 12, or 15? "))
people_count = int(input("How many people to split the bill? "))

tip = bill * (percentage / 100)
total_bill = bill + tip
individual_amount = total_bill / people_count
final_amount = format(individual_amount, '.2f')

print(f"Each person should pay ${final_amount}")

Welcome to the Tip Calculator
What was the total bill? $150
What percentage tip would you like to give? 10, 12, or 15? 12
How many people to split the bill? 5
Each person should pay $33.60

print("===================================")
print("WELCOME TO PYTHON PIZZA DELIVERIES!")
print("===================================\n")
total_bill = 0

def pizza_size():
    small_pizza = 15
    medium_pizza = 20
    large_pizza = 25
    global total_bill
    size = str(input("What size pizza do you want? S, M, or L ")).upper()
    if size == "S":
        total_bill += small_pizza
        print("You want a small pizza.")
        print("-----------------------\n")
        pepperoni(size)
    elif size == "M":
        total_bill += medium_pizza
        print("You want a medium pizza.")
        print("------------------------\n")
        pepperoni(size)
    elif size == "L":
        total_bill += large_pizza
        print("You want a large pizza.")
        print("-----------------------\n")
        pepperoni(size)
    else:
        print("Please respond with S, M, or L")
        print("------------------------------\n")
        pizza_size()

def pepperoni(size):
    sml_pep = 2
    med_lar_pep = 3
    global total_bill
    add_pepperoni = str(input("Do you want pepperoni? Y or N ")).upper()
    if size == "S" and add_pepperoni == "Y":
        total_bill += sml_pep
        print("You want pepperoni.")
        print("-------------------\n")
        extra_cheese()
    elif (size == "M" or "L") and add_pepperoni == "Y":
        total_bill += med_lar_pep
        print("You want pepperoni.")
        print("-------------------\n")
        extra_cheese()
    elif add_pepperoni == "N":
        print("You don't want pepperoni.")
        print("-------------------------\n")
        extra_cheese()
    else:
        print("Please respond with Y or N")
        print("--------------------------\n")
        pepperoni(size)

def extra_cheese():
    add_cheese = 1
    global total_bill
    more_cheese = str(input("Do you want extra cheese? Y or N ")).upper()
    if more_cheese == "Y":
        total_bill += add_cheese
        print("You want extra cheese.")
        print("----------------------\n")
        print(f"Your final bill is: ${total_bill}.")
    elif more_cheese == "N":
        print("You don't want extra cheese.")
        print("----------------------------\n")
        print(f"Your final bill is: ${total_bill}.")
    else: 
        print("Please respond with Y or N")
        print("--------------------------\n")
        extra_cheese()

pizza_size()

===================================
WELCOME TO PYTHON PIZZA DELIVERIES!
===================================

What size pizza do you want? S, M, or L L
You want a large pizza.
-----------------------

Do you want pepperoni? Y or N Y
You want pepperoni.
-------------------

Do you want extra cheese? Y or N Y
You want extra cheese.
----------------------

Your final bill is: $29.
​

# HIGHEST STUDENT SCORES

# Example input = 67 82 98 67 82
student_scores = input("Input a list of student scores ").split()
for n in range(0, len(student_scores)):
    student_scores[n] = int(student_scores[n])
print(student_scores)

# Method 1 - Easy
highest_score = 0

for score in student_scores:
    if score > highest_score:
        highest_score = score

print(f"The highest score in the class is: {highest_score}")

Input a list of student scores 22 45 67 82 44
[22, 45, 67, 82, 44]
The highest score in the class is: 82

#Password Generator Project
import random

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 
            'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 
            'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 
            'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']
numbers = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
symbols = ['!', '#', '$', '%', '&', '(', ')', '*', '+']

print("Welcome to the PyPassword Generator!")
nr_letters= int(input("How many letters would you like in your password?\n")) 
nr_symbols = int(input(f"How many symbols would you like?\n"))
nr_numbers = int(input(f"How many numbers would you like?\n"))

pw_list = []

for i in range(0, nr_letters):
    pw_list.append(random.choice(letters))

for i in range(0, nr_symbols):
    pw_list.append(random.choice(symbols))

for i in range(0, nr_numbers):
    pw_list.append(random.choice(numbers))

random.shuffle(pw_list)
final_pw = ''.join(pw_list)

print(f"Your password is: {final_pw}")

Welcome to the PyPassword Generator!
How many letters would you like in your password?
8
How many symbols would you like?
5
How many numbers would you like?
3
Your password is: )SDniE*34+&PcU1*

import math

# 1 can of paint can cover 5 square meters of a wall. 
def paint_calc(height, width, cover):
    number_of_cans = int(math.ceil((height * width) / cover))
    print(f"You'll need {number_of_cans} cans of paint.")

test_h = int(input("Height of wall: "))
test_w = int(input("Width of wall: "))
coverage = 5

paint_calc(height=test_h, width=test_w, cover=coverage)

Height of wall: 3
Width of wall: 5
You'll need 3 cans of paint.

def cse():
    print("You will get the following subjects")
    print("DSA")
    print("DBMS")
    print("Computer Networks (CN)")
def it():
    print("You will get the following subjects")
    print("DSA")
    print("DBMS")
    print("Computer Networks (CN)")
    print("MPMC (Multi processor and Multi Controller)")
    print("Information Security")
def ece():
    print("You will get the following subjects")
    print("Wireless Communication")
    print("Switching Theory and Logic Design (STLD)")
    print("Mobile Systems Communication")
def ee():
    print("You will get the following subjects")
    print("Switching Theory and Logic Design (STLD)")
    print("Control Systems")
    print("Electrical Circuits and Designs")
def mech():
    print("You will get the following subjects")
    print("Force and Friction")
    print("Motors and its Types")
def main():
    print("Welcome to PrepBytes University Portal!!!")
    print("Select one of the following streams in which you want to study")
    while(True):
        print("1. Computer Science")
        print("2. Information Technology")
        print("3. Electronics and Communication")
        print("4. Electrical and Electronics")
        print("5. Mechanical")
        print("10. Exit")
        print("Enter the choice number from above")
        choice = int(input())
        if choice == 1:
            print("You have chosen Computer Science.");
            cse();
            print("Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.")
            print("A. Yes, I'm sure")
            print("B. No, I'm not sure")
            ch = input()[0]
            if ch == 'A':
                print("Congratulations!! You are now a CSE student at PrepBytes");
                break
        elif choice == 2:
            print("You have chosen Information Technology.");
            it();
            print("Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.")
            print("A. Yes, I'm sure")
            print("B. No, I'm not sure")
            ch = input()[0]
            if ch == 'A':
                print("Congratulations!! You are now an IT student at PrepBytes");
                break
        elif choice == 3:
            print("You have chosen Electronics and Communication.");
            ece();
            print("Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.")
            print("A. Yes, I'm sure")
            print("B. No, I'm not sure")
            ch = input()[0]
            if ch == 'A':
                print("Congratulations!! You are now an ECE student at PrepBytes");
                break
        elif choice == 4:
            print("You have chosen Electrical and Electronics.");
            ee();
            print("Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.")
            print("A. Yes, I'm sure")
            print("B. No, I'm not sure")
            ch = input()[0]
            if ch == 'A':
                print("Congratulations!! You are now an EE student at PrepBytes");
                break
        elif choice == 5:
            print("You have chosen Mechanical Engineering.");
            mech();
            print("Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.")
            print("A. Yes, I'm sure")
            print("B. No, I'm not sure")
            ch = input()[0]
            if ch == 'A':
                print("Congratulations!! You are now a ME student at PrepBytes");
                break
        elif choice == 10:
            break
        else:
            print("You have entered an invalid choice.")
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Welcome to PrepBytes University Portal!!!
Select one of the following streams in which you want to study
1. Computer Science
2. Information Technology
3. Electronics and Communication
4. Electrical and Electronics
5. Mechanical
10. Exit
Enter the choice number from above
1
You have chosen Computer Science.
You will get the following subjects
DSA
DBMS
Computer Networks (CN)
Are you sure you want to lock this stream? Choose either A or B.
A. Yes, I'm sure
B. No, I'm not sure
A
Congratulations!! You are now a CSE student at PrepBytes

import datetime
# Create a date object for January 1, 2023
d = datetime.date(2023, 1, 1)
print(d)  
# Get the current date
today = datetime.date.today()
print(today) 
# Get the year, month, and day of a date object
year = today.year
month = today.month
day = today.day
print(year, month, day)  # print each value separately
# Format a date object as a string
date_string = today.strftime("%d/%m/%Y")
print(date_string) 
# Parse a date string into a date object
date_string = "2023-03-15"
parsed_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_string, "%Y-%m-%d").date()
print(parsed_date) 
# Get the day of the week as an integer (Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6)
weekday = today.weekday()
print(weekday)

2023-01-01
2024-02-20
2024 2 20
20/02/2024
2023-03-15
1

import datetime
# Create a time object for 9:30 AM
t = datetime.time(9, 30)
print(t)  
# Get the current time
now = datetime.datetime.now()
current_time = now.time()
print(current_time)  
# Get the hour, minute, and second of a time object
hour = t.hour
minute = t.minute
second = t.second
print(hour, minute, second)  # print each value separately
# Format a time object as a string
time_string = t.strftime("%I:%M %p")
print(time_string)  
# Compare two time objects
time1 = datetime.time(8, 30)
time2 = datetime.time(9, 30)
if time1 < time2:
    print("time1 is earlier than time2")
else:
    print("time1 is late than time2")

09:30:00
21:25:29.116006
9 30 0
09:30 AM
time1 is earlier than time2

num=int(input("Enter number: "))
count=0
i = num
# count the digits
while(i>0):
    count=count+1
    i=i//10
print(f"The number of digits in {num}:",count)

Enter number: 1000
The number of digits in 1000: 4

mylist = [101, 62, 66, 45, 99, 18, 266, 18]
maxi = mylist[0]   # initializing maximum value
for i in mylist:
    if i > maxi:
        maxi = i
 
# printing the largest number
print("Largest number is:", maxi)
Output:
Largest number is: 266

x = "Programming"
y = "Languages"
z = x + y
print(z)
Output:
ProgrammingLanguages

# Use of String Formatting
x = 462.75897
print("{:5.2f}".format(x))

# Use of String Interpolation
y = 462.75897
print("%5.2f" % y)
Output:
462.76
462.76

import math
# Assign values to a and n
a = 4
n = 3

# Method 1
b = a ** n
print("%d to the power %d is %d" % (a,n,b))

# Method 2
b = pow(a,n)
print("%d to the power %d is %d" % (a,n,b))

# Method 3
b = math.pow(a,n)
print("%d to the power %d is %5.2f" % (a,n,b))

Output:
4 to the power 3 is 64
4 to the power 3 is 64
4 to the power 3 is 64.00

# Boolean value
x = True
print(x)

# Number to Boolean
x = 10
print(bool(x))

x = -5
print(bool(x))

x = 0
print(bool(x))

# Boolean from comparison operator
x = 6
y = 3
print(x < y)

Output:
True
True
True
False
False

# Assign a numeric value
x = 35

# Check the is more than 35 or not
if (x >= 35):
    print("You have passed")
else:
    print("You have not passed")
Output:
You have passed

# Take practical marks
x = float(input("Enter the Practical marks: "))
# Take theory marks
y = float(input("Enter the Theory marks: "))

# Check the passing condition using AND and OR operator
if (x >= 25 and y >= 45) or (x + y) >=70:
    print("\nYou have passed")
else:
    print("\nYou have failed")

Enter the Practical marks: 30
Enter the Theory marks: 40

You have passed

# Switcher for implementing switch case options
def employee_details(ID):
    switcher = {
        "5006": "Employee Name: John",
        "5008": "Employee Name: Ram",  
        "5010": "Employee Name: Mohamend",
    }
    '''The first argument will be returned if the match found and
        employee ID does not exist will be returned if no match found'''
    return switcher.get(ID, "employee ID does not exist")

# Take the employee ID
ID = input("Enter the employee ID: ")
# Print the output
print(employee_details(ID))

Output:
Enter the employee ID: 5008
Employee Name: Ram

# Initialize counter
counter = 1
# Iterate the loop 9 times
while counter < 10:
    # Print the counter value
    print ("%d" % counter)
    # Increment the counter
    counter = counter + 1

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

# Import re module
import re

# Take any string data
string = input("Enter a string value: ")
# Define the searching pattern
pattern = 'Ale'

# match the pattern with input value
found = re.match(pattern, string)

# Print message based on the return value
if found:
  print("The input value is started with the capital letter")
else:
  print("You have to type string start with the capital letter")

Enter a string value: Alessandro
The input value is started with the capital letter

# import getpass module
import getpass

# Take password from the user
passwd = getpass.getpass('Password:')

# Check the password
if passwd == "python":
    print("You are verified")
else:
    print("You are not verified")

Password:········
You are verified

from datetime import date

# Read the current date
current_date = date.today()

# Print the formatted date
print("Today is :%d-%d-%d" % (current_date.day,current_date.month,current_date.year))

# Set the custom date
custom_date = date(2026, 12, 26)
print("The date is:",custom_date)

Output:
Today is :23-2-2024
The date is: 2026-12-26

# Declare a fruit list
fruits = ["Mango","Orange","Guava","Banana"]

# Insert an item in the 2nd position
fruits.insert(1, "Apple")

# Displaying list after inserting
print("The fruit list after insert:")
print(fruits)
 
# Remove an item
fruits.remove("Banana")

# Print the list after delete
print("The fruit list after delete:")
print(fruits)

Output:
The fruit list after insert:
['Mango', 'Apple', 'Orange', 'Guava', 'Banana']
The fruit list after delete:
['Mango', 'Apple', 'Orange', 'Guava']

# Assign string value
text = "Python Programming Language"

# Slice using one parameter
sliceObj = slice(5)
print(text[sliceObj])  

# Slice using two parameter
sliceObj = slice(6,12)
print(text[sliceObj])  

# Slice using three parameter
sliceObj = slice(6,25,5)
print(text[sliceObj])

Output:

Pytho
 Progr
 rnn

# Define the number set
numbers = {13, 10, 56, 18, 12, 44, 87}
 
# Add a new data
numbers.add(63)
# Print the set values
print(numbers)

message = "Number is not found"

# Take a number value for search
search_number = int(input("Enter a number:"))
# Search the number in the set
for val in numbers:
    if val == search_number:
        message = "Number is found"
        break

print(message)

{18, 87, 56, 10, 12, 13, 44, 63}
Enter a number:10
Number is found

# Define the string
string = 'Python Go JavaScript HTML CSS MYSQL Python'
# Define the search string
search = 'Python'
# Store the count value
count = string.count(search)
# Print the formatted output
print("%s appears %d times" % (search, count))

Output:
Python appears 2 times

# Define addition function
def addition(number1, number2):
    result = number1 + number2
    print("Addition result:",result)

# Define area function with return statement
def area(radius):
    result = 3.14 * radius * radius
    return result  

# Call addition function
addition(5, 3)
# Call area function
print("Area of the circle is",area(2))

Output:
Addition result: 8
Area of the circle is 12.56

# Try block
try:
    # Take a number
    number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    if number % 2 == 0:
        print("Number is even")
    else:
        print("Number is odd")

# Exception block    
except (ValueError):
  # Print error message
  print("Enter a numeric value")

Enter a number: 16
Number is even

Enter a number: 7
Number is odd

Enter a number: a1
Enter a numeric value

#Assign the filename
filename = "names.txt"
# Open file for writing
fileHandler = open(filename, "w")

# Add some text
fileHandler.write("Ram\n")
fileHandler.write("John\n")
fileHandler.write("David\n")

# Close the file
fileHandler.close()

# Open file for reading
fileHandler = open(filename, "r")

# Read a file line by line
for line in fileHandler:
  print(line)
 
# Close the file
fileHandler.close()

Output:
Ram

John

David

# Import os module to read directory
import os

# Set the directory path
path = 'YOURPATH'

# Read the content of the file
files = os.listdir(path)

# Print the content of the directory
for file in files:
    print(file)

alzheimerfeatures.txt
amazon_cells_labelled.txt
Automated_Responsive_Search_Ads.csv
ballonboys.PNG
ballongirl.PNG
ballononly.PNG
ballonwoman.PNG
ballooninput.PNG
balloononlyinput.PNG
balloontop.PNG
banking_finance_insurance_ml_overview.txt
bank_marketing_report.pdf
beginneroverview.txt
car data.csv
CAR DETAILS FROM CAR DEKHO.csv

# Import pickle module
import pickle

# Declare the object to store data
dataObject = []
# Iterate the for loop for 5 times
for num in range(10,15):
   dataObject.append(num)

# Open a file for writing data
file_handler = open('numbers', 'wb')
# Dump the data of the object into the file
pickle.dump(dataObject, file_handler)
# close the file handler
file_handler.close()

# Open a file for reading the file
file_handler = open('numbers', 'rb')
# Load the data from the file after deserialization
dataObject = pickle.load(file_handler)
# Iterate the loop to print the data
for val in dataObject:
  print(val)
# close the file handler
file_handler.close()

Output:
file numbers  
10
11
12
13
14

# range() with one parameter
for val in range(7):
    print(val, end='  ')
print('\n')

# range() with two parameters
for val in range(7,16):
    print(val, end='  ')
print('\n')

Output:
0  1  2  3  4  5  6  

7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  

# Define the function to calculate power
def cal_power(n):    
    return x ** n

# Take the value of x
x = int(input("Enter the value of x:"))
# Define a tuple of numbers
numbers = [2, 6, 3]

# Calculate the x to the power n using map()
result = map(cal_power, numbers)
print(list(result))

Enter the value of x:3
[9, 729, 27]

# Define a list of participant
participant = ['Ram', 'John', 'David', 'Krishna', 'Prasad']
# Define the function to filters selected candidates
def SelectedPerson(participant):
    selected = ['John', 'Rahman', 'Ram']
    if(participant in selected):
        return True
selectedList = filter(SelectedPerson, participant)
print('The selected candidates are:')
for candidate in selectedList:
    print(candidate)

Output:
The selected candidates are:
Ram
John

#importing pandas
import pandas as pd
#creating  list 
data=["Harry","Sam","Juliet","Robert","Max"]
#creating pandas Series
df=pd.Series(data)
#printing Series
print(df)
Output:
0     Harry
1       Sam
2    Juliet
3    Robert
4       Max
dtype: object

# importing requests and json
import requests, json
# base URL
BASE_URL = "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?"
#City Name 
CITY = "Amsterdam"
# API key 
API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY"
# upadting the URL
URL = BASE_URL + "q=" + CITY + "&appid=" + API_KEY
# HTTP request
response = requests.get(URL)
# checking the status code of the request
if response.status_code == 200:
   # getting data in the json format
   data = response.json()
   # getting the main dict block
   main = data['main']
   # getting temperature
   temperature = main['temp']-273.15
   # getting the humidity
   humidity = main['humidity']
   # getting the pressure
   pressure = main['pressure']
   # weather report
   report = data['weather']
   print(f"{CITY:-^30}")
   print(f"Temperature: {temperature}")
   print(f"Humidity: {humidity}")
   print(f"Pressure: {pressure}")
   print(f"Weather Report: {report[0]['description']}")
else:
   # showing the error message
   print("Error in the HTTP request")

----------Amsterdam-----------
Temperature: 9.720000000000027
Humidity: 82
Pressure: 1020
Weather Report: broken clouds

from turtle import Turtle, Screen
import random

is_race_on = False
screen = Screen()
screen.setup(width=500, height=400)
user_bet = screen.textinput(title="Make your bet", prompt="Which turtle will win the race? Enter a color:")
colors = ["red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "purple"]
y_positions = [-70, -40, -10, 20, 50, 80]
all_turtles = []

for turtle_index in range(0, 6):
    new_turtle = Turtle(shape="turtle")
    new_turtle.color(colors[turtle_index])
    new_turtle.penup()
    new_turtle.goto(x=-230, y=y_positions[turtle_index])
    all_turtles.append(new_turtle)

if user_bet:
    is_race_on = True

while is_race_on:
    for turtle in all_turtles:
        if turtle.xcor() > 230:
            is_race_on = False
            winning_turtle = turtle.pencolor()
            if winning_turtle == user_bet:
                print(f"You've won! The {winning_turtle} is the winner!")
            else:
                print(f"You've lost! The {winning_turtle} is the winner!")

        rand_distance = random.randint(0, 10)
        turtle.forward(rand_distance)
screen.exitonclick()

Make your bet
Which turtle will win the race? Enter a color:
red
You've lost! The blue is the winner!

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200518073855/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies-2/"

response = requests.get(URL)
response_text = response.text
soup = BeautifulSoup(response_text, 'html.parser')

movies = []
titles = soup.find_all(name='h3', class_='title')

for i in titles:
    with open('movies.txt', 'a',encoding="utf-8" ) as file:
        file.write(i.getText()+"\n")

100) Stand By Me
99) Raging Bull
98) Amelie
97) Titanic
96) Good Will Hunting
95) Arrival
94) Lost In Translation
93) The Princess Bride
92) The Terminator
91) The Prestige
90) No Country For Old Men
89) Shaun Of The Dead
88) The Exorcist
87) Predator
86) Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade
etc.

from tkinter import *
import time

root = Tk()
root.title('Digital Clock')
root.geometry('300x100')

clock_label = Label(root, font=('Arial', 30, 'bold'),
                    bg='black', fg='white', bd=30)

clock_label.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)

def update_clock():
    current_time = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')
    clock_label.config(text=current_time)
    clock_label.after(1000, update_clock)
    
update_clock()
root.mainloop()

Height = float(input('Enter your Height in centimeters: '))
Weight = float(input('Enter your Weight in Kg: '))
Height = Height/100
BMI = Weight/(Height*Height)
print('your Body Mass Index is: ', BMI)
if(BMI > 0):
    if(BMI <= 16):
        print('you are severely underweight')
    elif(BMI <= 18.5):
        print('you are underweight')
    elif(BMI <= 25):
        print('you are Healthy')
    elif(BMI <= 30):
        print('you are overweight')
    else:
        print('you are severely overweight')
else:
    print('Enter valid details')

Enter your Height in centimeters: 180
Enter your Weight in Kg: 90
your Body Mass Index is:  27.777777777777775
you are overweight

!pip install pytube
Successfully installed pytube-15.0.0

from pytube import YouTube

link = input('https://youtu.be/GtvUxXyFoMw')

yt = YouTube(link)
yt.streams.first().download()

print('download', link)

Input the link:
https://youtu.be/GtvUxXyFoMw
download https://youtu.be/GtvUxXyFoMw

How to become a software engineer  Important tips to become a software engineer

def factorial_of_number(n):
    if n < 0:
        raise ValueError("The Number you entered is less than 0")
    if n is 1:
        return 1
    elif n is 0:
        return 1
    else:
        return n * factorial_of_number(n-1)

print(factorial_of_number(6))
720

#Import Statement
import numpy as np
#1-Dimensional Arrays (Vectors)
my_array = np.array([1.1, 9.2, 8.1, 4.7])
my_array.shape
(4,)
my_array[2]
8.1
my_array.ndim
1
#2-Dimensional Arrays (Matrices)
array_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 9], 
                     [5, 6, 7, 8]])
array_2d[0, :]
array([1, 2, 3, 9])
mystery_array = np.array([[[0, 1, 2, 3],
                           [4, 5, 6, 7]],
                        
                         [[7, 86, 6, 98],
                          [5, 1, 0, 4]],
                          
                          [[5, 36, 32, 48],
                           [97, 0, 27, 18]]])

# Note all the square brackets!
mystery_array.ndim
3
mystery_array.shape
(3, 2, 4)
mystery_array[2, 1, 3]
18
mystery_array[:, :, 0]
#Use .arange()to createa a vector a with values ranging from 10 to 29. 
a = np.arange(10, 30)
print(a)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29]
#Use Python slicing techniques
a[-3:]
array([27, 28, 29])
a[3:6]
array([13, 14, 15])
a[12:]
array([22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29])
a[::2]
array([10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28])
#Reverse the order of the values in a, so that the first element comes last
np.flip(a)
array([29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13,
       12, 11, 10])
#Linear Algebra with Vectors
v1 = np.array([4, 5, 2, 7])
v2 = np.array([2, 1, 3, 3])
print(v1 + v2)
[ 6  6  5 10]
#Scalars
array2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])
array2d + 10
array([[11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18]])
array2d * 5
array([[ 5, 10, 15, 20],
       [25, 30, 35, 40]])
#Matrix Multiplication
a1 = np.array([[1, 3],
               [0, 1],
               [6, 2],
               [9, 7]])

b1 = np.array([[4, 1, 3],
               [5, 8, 5]])
np.matmul(a1, b1)
array([[19, 25, 18],
       [ 5,  8,  5],
       [34, 22, 28],
       [71, 65, 62]])
a1 @ b1
array([[19, 25, 18],
       [ 5,  8,  5],
       [34, 22, 28],
       [71, 65, 62]])
#Use the .random() function
from numpy.random import random
random((3, 3, 3))
array([[[0.13277451, 0.56517025, 0.39505373],
        [0.72784423, 0.33856398, 0.40790094],
        [0.45777358, 0.80555047, 0.9188987 ]],

       [[0.21392271, 0.31767031, 0.35165927],
        [0.07417224, 0.23895659, 0.98454047],
        [0.22460087, 0.10410174, 0.11090475]],

       [[0.26892163, 0.98770413, 0.43427793],
        [0.8109698 , 0.52696712, 0.40471147],
        [0.63502182, 0.24586102, 0.94698587]]])
#Use the .linspace() function
x = np.linspace(0, 100, num=9)
print(x)
x.shape
[  0.   12.5  25.   37.5  50.   62.5  75.   87.5 100. ]
(9,)

!pip install scipy, matplotlib

from scipy import ndimage, misc
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

img1 = misc.face()
plt.imshow(img1)

type(img1)
numpy.ndarray
img1.shape
(768, 1024, 3)
img1.ndim
3

#Image rotation
plt.imshow(np.rot90(img1))

#Solar image
solar_img = 255 - img1
plt.imshow(solar_img)

#Image conversion to the gray scale
grey_vals = np.array([0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722])
sRGB_array = img1/ 255
img_grey = sRGB_array @ grey_vals
plt.imshow(img_grey, cmap='gray')

# Image flip
plt.imshow(np.flip(img_grey), cmap='gray')

!pip install numpy-financial

import numpy_financial as npf
npf.irr([-750500, 45000, 150700, 700000, 220000, 307000])
Output:
0.21287538856102062

import numpy_financial as npf

# Define variables
rate = 0.05  # Interest rate (5%)
nper = 10    # Number of periods
pmt = -1000  # Periodic payment (negative for outgoing cash flow)
pv = 0       # Present value or initial investment

# Calculate Future Value (FV)
fv = npf.fv(rate, nper, pmt, pv)
print(f"Future Value (FV): ${fv:.2f}")

# Calculate Present Value (PV)
pv = npf.pv(rate, nper, pmt, fv)
print(f"Present Value (PV): ${pv:.2f}")

# Calculate Number of Payment Periods (NPER)
nper = npf.nper(rate, pmt, pv, fv)
print(f"Number of Payment Periods (NPER): {nper:.2f} periods")

# Calculate Periodic Payment (PMT)
pmt = npf.pmt(rate, nper, pv, fv)
print(f"Periodic Payment (PMT): ${pmt:.2f}")

Output:
Future Value (FV): $12577.89
Present Value (PV): $-0.00
Number of Payment Periods (NPER): 10.00 periods
Periodic Payment (PMT): $-1000.00

import numpy_financial as npf

# Define the cash flows (negative values for investments, positive for returns)
cash_flows = [-1000, 300, 300, 300, 300]

# Define the discount rate (rate of return)
discount_rate = 0.1  # 10%

# Calculate NPV
npv = npf.npv(discount_rate, cash_flows)
print(f"Net Present Value (NPV): {npv:.2f}")

# Calculate IRR
irr = npf.irr(cash_flows)
print(f"Internal Rate of Return (IRR): {irr:.2%}")

Output:
Net Present Value (NPV): -49.04
Internal Rate of Return (IRR): 7.71%

def straight_line_depreciation(cost, salvage_value, useful_life):
    annual_depreciation = (cost - salvage_value) / useful_life
    return annual_depreciation

def double_declining_balance_depreciation(cost, salvage_value, useful_life, period):
    depreciation_rate = 2 / useful_life
    previous_period_depreciation = 0

    for _ in range(period):
        current_period_depreciation = (cost - previous_period_depreciation) * depreciation_rate
        previous_period_depreciation += current_period_depreciation

    return min(current_period_depreciation, cost - salvage_value)

# Example usage
cost = 10000  # Initial cost of the asset
salvage_value = 2000  # Estimated salvage value at the end of its useful life
useful_life = 5  # Number of years the asset will be used
period = 3  # The specific year for which you want to calculate depreciation

depreciation = double_declining_balance_depreciation(cost, salvage_value, useful_life, period)
print(f"Depreciation in year {period}: ${depreciation:.2f}")

depreciation = straight_line_depreciation(cost, salvage_value, useful_life)
print(f"Annual Depreciation: ${depreciation:.2f}")

Output:
Depreciation in year 3: $1440.00
Annual Depreciation: $1600.00

import numpy_financial as npf
from pyxirr import xirr
import pandas as pd
from datetime import date

# Cash flows for the investment or project
cash_flows = [-1000, 200, 250, 300, 350]
dates = [date(2019, 1, 1),date(2020, 1, 1), date(2021, 1, 1), date(2022, 1, 1), date(2023, 1, 1)]

# Finance rate (cost of capital)
finance_rate = 0.1

# Reinvestment rate (rate at which positive cash flows are reinvested)
reinvest_rate = 0.12

# feed columnar data
xirr(dates, cash_flows)

# feed tuples
xirr(zip(dates, cash_flows))

# Calculate the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
mirr = npf.mirr(cash_flows, finance_rate, reinvest_rate)

# Calculate the Internal Rate of Return (XIRR)
xirr = xirr(pd.DataFrame({"dates": dates, "cash_flows": cash_flows}))

print(f"The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is: {mirr:.2%}")

print(f"The Internal Rate of Return (XIRR) is: {xirr:.2%}")

Output:
The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is: 6.38%
The Internal Rate of Return (XIRR) is: 3.58%

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])
s
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

data = {
    'apples': [3, 2, 0, 1], 
    'oranges': [0, 3, 7, 2]
}
purchases = pd.DataFrame(data)

purchases
apples	oranges
0	3	0
1	2	3
2	0	7
3	1	2

df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 5, (10, 5)))
df.to_csv("tmp.csv")

dfin=pd.read_csv("tmp.csv")
dfin

Unnamed: 0	0	1	2	3	4
0	0	3	0	1	4	1
1	1	0	3	3	0	0
2	2	0	1	3	1	4
3	3	3	2	0	4	0
4	4	0	3	0	1	4
5	5	4	0	3	4	3
6	6	1	0	3	4	3
7	7	3	2	0	2	4
8	8	4	2	0	3	2
9	9	2	1	2	0	1

!pip install vaderSentiment

# import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer class 
# from vaderSentiment.vaderSentiment module. 
from vaderSentiment.vaderSentiment import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer 

# import all methods and classes from the tkinter 
from tkinter import *

# Function for clearing the 
# contents of all entry boxes
# And text area.
def clearAll() : 

	# deleting the content from the entry box 
	negativeField.delete(0, END) 
	neutralField.delete(0, END) 
	positiveField.delete(0, END) 
	overallField.delete(0, END) 

	# whole content of text area is deleted 
	textArea.delete(1.0, END)
	
# function to print sentiments 
# of the sentence. 
def detect_sentiment():

	# get a whole input content from text box
	sentence = textArea.get("1.0", "end")

	# Create a SentimentIntensityAnalyzer object. 
	sid_obj = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer() 

	# polarity_scores method of SentimentIntensityAnalyzer 
	# object gives a sentiment dictionary. 
	# which contains pos, neg, neu, and compound scores. 
	sentiment_dict = sid_obj.polarity_scores(sentence) 

	string = str(sentiment_dict['neg']*100) + "% Negative"
	negativeField.insert(10, string)
	

	string = str(sentiment_dict['neu']*100) + "% Neutral"
	neutralField.insert(10, string)

	string = str(sentiment_dict['pos']*100) +"% Positive"
	positiveField.insert(10, string)
	
	# decide sentiment as positive, negative and neutral 
	if sentiment_dict['compound'] >= 0.05 :
		string = "Positive"

	elif sentiment_dict['compound'] <= - 0.05 :
		string = "Negative"
	

	else :
		string = "Neutral"

	overallField.insert(10, string)
		


# Driver Code 
if __name__ == "__main__" :
	

	# Create a GUI window 
	gui = Tk() 
	
	# Set the background colour of GUI window 
	gui.config(background = "light green") 

	# set the name of tkinter GUI window 
	gui.title("Sentiment Detector") 

	# Set the configuration of GUI window 
	gui.geometry("250x400") 

	# create a label : Enter Your Task 
	enterText = Label(gui, text = "Enter Your Sentence",
									bg = "light green")

	# create a text area for the root 
	# with lunida 13 font 
	# text area is for writing the content 
	textArea = Text(gui, height = 5, width = 25, font = "lucida 13")

	# create a Submit Button and place into the root window 
	# when user press the button, the command or 
	# function affiliated to that button is executed 
	check = Button(gui, text = "Check Sentiment", fg = "Black", 
						bg = "Red", command = detect_sentiment)

	# Create a negative : label 
	negative = Label(gui, text = "sentence was rated as: ",
										bg = "light green") 

	# Create a neutral : label 
	neutral = Label(gui, text = "sentence was rated as: ", 
									bg = "light green") 

	# Create a positive : label 
	positive = Label(gui, text = "sentence was rated as: ",
										bg = "light green")

	# Create a overall : label 
	overall = Label(gui, text = "Sentence Overall Rated As: ",
										bg = "light green")

	# create a text entry box 
	negativeField = Entry(gui)

	# create a text entry box 
	neutralField = Entry(gui)

	# create a text entry box 
	positiveField = Entry(gui)

	# create a text entry box 
	overallField = Entry(gui) 

	# create a Clear Button and place into the root window 
	# when user press the button, the command or 
	# function affiliated to that button is executed . 
	clear = Button(gui, text = "Clear", fg = "Black", 
					bg = "Red", command = clearAll)
	
	# create a Exit Button and place into the root window 
	# when user press the button, the command or 
	# function affiliated to that button is executed . 
	Exit = Button(gui, text = "Exit", fg = "Black", 
						bg = "Red", command = exit)

	# grid method is used for placing 
	# the widgets at respective positions 
	# in table like structure. 
	enterText.grid(row = 0, column = 2)
	
	textArea.grid(row = 1, column = 2, padx = 10, sticky = W)
	
	check.grid(row = 2, column = 2)
	
	negative.grid(row = 3, column = 2)
	
	neutral.grid(row = 5, column = 2)
	
	positive.grid(row = 7, column = 2)
	
	overall.grid(row = 9, column = 2)
	
	negativeField.grid(row = 4, column = 2)

	neutralField.grid(row = 6, column = 2)
					
	positiveField.grid(row = 8, column = 2)
	
	overallField.grid(row = 10, column = 2)
	
	clear.grid(row = 11, column = 2)
	
	Exit.grid(row = 12, column = 2)

	# start the GUI 
	gui.mainloop() 
	

# import required modules 
import tkinter as tk 
from tkinter import *
from PIL import Image 
from PIL import ImageTk 
  
  
  
# adjust window 
root=tk.Tk() 
root.geometry("200x200") 
  
# loading the images 
img=ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open("github2_languages.jpg")) 
img2=ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open("python_statista_popular.jpeg")) 
img3=ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open("sentiment_gui.jpg")) 
  
l=Label() 
l.pack() 
  
  
  
# using recursion to slide to next image 
x = 1
  
# function to change to next image 
def move(): 
    global x 
    if x == 4: 
        x = 1
    if x == 1: 
        l.config(image=img) 
    elif x == 2: 
        l.config(image=img2) 
    elif x == 3: 
        l.config(image=img3) 
    x = x+1
    root.after(2000, move) 
  
# calling the function 
move() 
  
  
  
root.mainloop() 

!pip install icecream
from icecream import ic
def func(num):
    return num * 2

ic(func(3))
6

sample_dict = {1:"A", 2:"B", 3:"C"}

ic(sample_dict[1])
'A'

def func(num):
    ic(num)
    return 2*num
func(2)
4

dict = {"country": ["Brazil", "Russia", "India", "China", "South Africa"],
       "capital": ["Brasilia", "Moscow", "New Dehli", "Beijing", "Pretoria"],
       "area": [8.516, 17.10, 3.286, 9.597, 1.221],
       "population": [200.4, 143.5, 1252, 1357, 52.98] }

import pandas as pd
brics = pd.DataFrame(dict)
print(brics)
     area    capital       country  population
0   8.516   Brasilia        Brazil      200.40
1  17.100     Moscow        Russia      143.50
2   3.286  New Dehli         India     1252.00
3   9.597    Beijing         China     1357.00
4   1.221   Pretoria  South Africa       52.98

# Set the index for brics
brics.index = ["BR", "RU", "IN", "CH", "SA"]

# Print out brics with new index values
print(brics)
output:
          area    capital       country  population
    BR   8.516   Brasilia        Brazil      200.40
    RU  17.100     Moscow        Russia      143.50
    IN   3.286  New Dehli         India     1252.00
    CH   9.597    Beijing         China     1357.00
    SA   1.221   Pretoria  South Africa       52.98

# Import pandas and cars.csv
import pandas as pd
cars = pd.read_csv('cars.csv', index_col = 0)

# Print out country column as Pandas Series
print(cars['cars_per_cap'])

# Print out country column as Pandas DataFrame
print(cars[['cars_per_cap']])

# Print out DataFrame with country and drives_right columns
print(cars[['cars_per_cap', 'country']])

output:
    US     809
    AUS    731
    JAP    588
    IN      18
    RU     200
    MOR     70
    EG      45
    Name: cars_per_cap, dtype: int64
         cars_per_cap
    US            809
    AUS           731
    JAP           588
    IN             18
    RU            200
    MOR            70
    EG             45
         cars_per_cap        country
    US            809  United States
    AUS           731      Australia
    JAP           588          Japan
    IN             18          India
    RU            200         Russia
    MOR            70        Morocco
    EG             45          Egypt

# Import cars data
import pandas as pd
cars = pd.read_csv('cars.csv', index_col = 0)

# Print out first 4 observations
print(cars[0:4])

# Print out fifth and sixth observation
print(cars[4:6])
output:
         cars_per_cap        country drives_right
    US            809  United States         True
    AUS           731      Australia        False
    JAP           588          Japan        False
    IN             18          India        False
         cars_per_cap  country drives_right
    RU            200   Russia         True
    MOR            70  Morocco         True

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df2 = pd.DataFrame(
    {
        "A": 1.0,
        "B": pd.Timestamp("20130102"),
        "C": pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype="float32"),
        "D": np.array([3] * 4, dtype="int32"),
        "E": pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
        "F": "foo"
    }
)
df2
     A	  B	         C	D	E	     F
0	1.0	2013-01-02	1.0	3	test	foo
1	1.0	2013-01-02	1.0	3	train	foo
2	1.0	2013-01-02	1.0	3	test	foo
3	1.0	2013-01-02	1.0	3	train	foo

dates = pd.date_range("20130101", periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list("ABCD"))
df
              A	         B	         C	          D
2013-01-01	-0.532411	0.067493	-2.355388	1.078265
2013-01-02	-0.884475	1.040327	0.683065	0.160037
2013-01-03	-0.065658	-0.244594	1.065679	0.534151
2013-01-04	-0.986462	-0.103097	-1.458458	1.465258
2013-01-05	1.414690	-0.748344	2.699952	-0.380150
2013-01-06	-0.063310	-0.430136	2.227652	-0.013623
df.head(3)
             A	         B	          C	           D
2013-01-01	-0.532411	0.067493	-2.355388	1.078265
2013-01-02	-0.884475	1.040327	0.683065	0.160037
2013-01-03	-0.065658	-0.244594	1.065679	0.534151
df.tail(3)
              A	         B	          C	            D
2013-01-04	-0.986462	-0.103097	-1.458458	1.465258
2013-01-05	1.414690	-0.748344	2.699952	-0.380150
2013-01-06	-0.063310	-0.430136	2.227652	-0.013623

df.describe()

         A	        B	        C	       D
count	6.000000	6.000000	6.000000	6.000000
mean	-0.186271	-0.069725	0.477084	0.473990
std	0.876396	0.612072	2.008169	0.695308
min	-0.986462	-0.748344	-2.355388	-0.380150
25%	-0.796459	-0.383751	-0.923077	0.029792
50%	-0.299035	-0.173846	0.874372	0.347094
75%	-0.063897	0.024846	1.937159	0.942237
max	1.414690	1.040327	2.699952	1.465258

df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
	        D	         C	        B	      A
2013-01-01	1.078265	-2.355388	0.067493	-0.532411
2013-01-02	0.160037	0.683065	1.040327	-0.884475
2013-01-03	0.534151	1.065679	-0.244594	-0.065658
2013-01-04	1.465258	-1.458458	-0.103097	-0.986462
2013-01-05	-0.380150	2.699952	-0.748344	1.414690
2013-01-06	-0.013623	2.227652	-0.430136	-0.063310

df.sort_values(by="B")
             A	         B	        C	      D
2013-01-05	1.414690	-0.748344	2.699952	-0.380150
2013-01-06	-0.063310	-0.430136	2.227652	-0.013623
2013-01-03	-0.065658	-0.244594	1.065679	0.534151
2013-01-04	-0.986462	-0.103097	-1.458458	1.465258
2013-01-01	-0.532411	0.067493	-2.355388	1.078265
2013-01-02	-0.884475	1.040327	0.683065	0.160037

# import all methods and classes from the tkinter 
from tkinter import *

# import calendar module
import calendar

# Function for showing the calendar of the given year
def showCal() :

	# Create a GUI window
	new_gui = Tk()
	
	# Set the background colour of GUI window
	new_gui.config(background = "white")

	# set the name of tkinter GUI window 
	new_gui.title("CALENDAR")

	# Set the configuration of GUI window
	new_gui.geometry("550x600")

	# get method returns current text as string
	fetch_year = int(year_field.get())

	# calendar method of calendar module return
	# the calendar of the given year .
	cal_content = calendar.calendar(fetch_year)

	# Create a label for showing the content of the calendar
	cal_year = Label(new_gui, text = cal_content, font = "Consolas 10 bold")

	# grid method is used for placing 
	# the widgets at respective positions 
	# in table like structure.
	cal_year.grid(row = 5, column = 1, padx = 20)
	
	# start the GUI 
	new_gui.mainloop()

	
# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__" :

	# Create a GUI window
	gui = Tk()
	
	# Set the background colour of GUI window
	gui.config(background = "white")

	# set the name of tkinter GUI window 
	gui.title("CALENDAR")

	# Set the configuration of GUI window
	gui.geometry("250x140")

	# Create a CALENDAR : label with specified font and size
	cal = Label(gui, text = "CALENDAR", bg = "dark gray",
							font = ("times", 28, 'bold'))

	# Create a Enter Year : label 
	year = Label(gui, text = "Enter Year", bg = "light green")
	
	# Create a text entry box for filling or typing the information. 
	year_field = Entry(gui)

	# Create a Show Calendar Button and attached to showCal function
	Show = Button(gui, text = "Show Calendar", fg = "Black",
							bg = "Red", command = showCal)

	# Create a Exit Button and attached to exit function
	Exit = Button(gui, text = "Exit", fg = "Black", bg = "Red", command = exit)
	
	# grid method is used for placing 
	# the widgets at respective positions 
	# in table like structure.
	cal.grid(row = 1, column = 1)

	year.grid(row = 2, column = 1)

	year_field.grid(row = 3, column = 1)

	Show.grid(row = 4, column = 1)

	Exit.grid(row = 6, column = 1)
	
	# start the GUI 
	gui.mainloop()
	

# Import tkinter
from tkinter import *
class LoanCalculator:
 
    def __init__(self):
 
        window = Tk() # Create a window
        window.title("Loan Calculator") # Set title
        # create the input boxes.
        Label(window, text = "Annual Interest Rate").grid(row = 1,
                                          column = 1, sticky = W)
        Label(window, text = "Number of Years").grid(row = 2,
                                      column = 1, sticky = W)
        Label(window, text = "Loan Amount").grid(row = 3,
                                  column = 1, sticky = W)
        Label(window, text = "Monthly Payment").grid(row = 4,
                                      column = 1, sticky = W)
        Label(window, text = "Total Payment").grid(row = 5,
                                    column = 1, sticky = W)
 
        # for taking inputs
        self.annualInterestRateVar = StringVar() 
        Entry(window, textvariable = self.annualInterestRateVar,
                     justify = RIGHT).grid(row = 1, column = 2)
        self.numberOfYearsVar = StringVar()
 
        Entry(window, textvariable = self.numberOfYearsVar,
                 justify = RIGHT).grid(row = 2, column = 2)
        self.loanAmountVar = StringVar()
 
        Entry(window, textvariable = self.loanAmountVar,
              justify = RIGHT).grid(row = 3, column = 2)
        self.monthlyPaymentVar = StringVar()
        lblMonthlyPayment = Label(window, textvariable =
                           self.monthlyPaymentVar).grid(row = 4,
                           column = 2, sticky = E)
 
        self.totalPaymentVar = StringVar()
        lblTotalPayment = Label(window, textvariable =
                       self.totalPaymentVar).grid(row = 5,
                       column = 2, sticky = E)
         
        # create the button
        btComputePayment = Button(window, text = "Compute Payment",
                                  command = self.computePayment).grid(
                                  row = 6, column = 2, sticky = E) 
        window.mainloop() # Create an event loop
 
 
    # compute the total payment.
    def computePayment(self):
                 
        monthlyPayment = self.getMonthlyPayment(
        float(self.loanAmountVar.get()),
        float(self.annualInterestRateVar.get()) / 1200,
        int(self.numberOfYearsVar.get()))
 
        self.monthlyPaymentVar.set(format(monthlyPayment, '10.2f'))
        totalPayment = float(self.monthlyPaymentVar.get()) * 12 \
                                * int(self.numberOfYearsVar.get())
 
        self.totalPaymentVar.set(format(totalPayment, '10.2f'))
 
    def getMonthlyPayment(self, loanAmount, monthlyInterestRate, numberOfYears): 
        # compute the monthly payment.
        monthlyPayment = loanAmount * monthlyInterestRate / (1
        - 1 / (1 + monthlyInterestRate) ** (numberOfYears * 12))
        return monthlyPayment;
        root = Tk() # create the widget
 
 # call the class to run the program.
LoanCalculator()

# Python program to create a simple GUI 
# weight converter using Tkinter 


from tkinter import *


# Create a GUI window
window = Tk()

# Function to convert weight
# given in kg to grams, pounds
# and ounces
def from_kg():
	
	# convert kg to gram
	gram = float(e2_value.get())*1000
	
	# convert kg to pound
	pound = float(e2_value.get())*2.20462
	
	# convert kg to ounce
	ounce = float(e2_value.get())*35.274
	
	# Enters the converted weight to 
	# the text widget
	t1.delete("1.0", END)
	t1.insert(END,gram)
	
	t2.delete("1.0", END)
	t2.insert(END,pound)
	
	t3.delete("1.0", END)
	t3.insert(END,ounce)

# Create the Label widgets
e1 = Label(window, text = "Enter the weight in Kg")
e2_value = StringVar()
e2 = Entry(window, textvariable = e2_value)
e3 = Label(window, text = 'Gram')
e4 = Label(window, text = 'Pounds')
e5 = Label(window, text = 'Ounce')

# Create the Text Widgets
t1 = Text(window, height = 1, width = 20)
t2 = Text(window, height = 1, width = 20)
t3 = Text(window, height = 1, width = 20)

# Create the Button Widget
b1 = Button(window, text = "Convert", command = from_kg)

# grid method is used for placing 
# the widgets at respective positions 
# in table like structure
e1.grid(row = 0, column = 0)
e2.grid(row = 0, column = 1)
e3.grid(row = 1, column = 0)
e4.grid(row = 1, column = 1)
e5.grid(row = 1, column = 2)
t1.grid(row = 2, column = 0)
t2.grid(row = 2, column = 1)
t3.grid(row = 2, column = 2)
b1.grid(row = 0, column = 2)

# Start the GUI 
window.mainloop()

 import all functions from the tkinter 
from tkinter import *

# import messagebox class from tkinter
from tkinter import messagebox

# Function for clearing the 
# contents of all text entry boxes
def clearAll() :

	# deleting the content from the entry box
	dayField.delete(0, END)
	monthField.delete(0, END)
	yearField.delete(0, END)
	givenDayField.delete(0, END)
	givenMonthField.delete(0, END)
	givenYearField.delete(0, END)
	rsltDayField.delete(0, END)
	rsltMonthField.delete(0, END)
	rsltYearField.delete(0, END)

# function for checking error
def checkError() :

	# if any of the entry field is empty
	# then show an error message and clear 
	# all the entries
	if (dayField.get() == "" or monthField.get() == ""
		or yearField.get() == "" or givenDayField.get() == ""
		or givenMonthField.get() == "" or givenYearField.get() == "") :

		# show the error message
		messagebox.showerror("Input Error")

		# clearAll function calling
		clearAll()
		
		return -1

# function to calculate Age 
def calculateAge() :

	# check for error
	value = checkError()

	# if error is occur then return
	if value == -1 :
		return
	
	else :
		
		# take a value from the respective entry boxes
		# get method returns current text as string
		birth_day = int(dayField.get())
		birth_month = int(monthField.get())
		birth_year = int(yearField.get())

		given_day = int(givenDayField.get())
		given_month = int(givenMonthField.get())
		given_year = int(givenYearField.get())
		
		
		# if birth date is greater then given birth_month 
		# then donot count this month and add 30 to the date so 
		# as to subtract the date and get the remaining days 
		month =[31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
		
		if (birth_day > given_day):
			given_month = given_month - 1
			given_day = given_day + month[birth_month-1] 
					
					
		# if birth month exceeds given month, then 
		# donot count this year and add 12 to the 
		# month so that we can subtract and find out 
		# the difference 
		if (birth_month > given_month):
			given_year = given_year - 1
			given_month = given_month + 12
					
		# calculate day, month, year 
		calculated_day = given_day - birth_day; 
		calculated_month = given_month - birth_month; 
		calculated_year = given_year - birth_year;

		# calculated day, month, year write back
		# to the respective entry boxes

		# insert method inserting the 
		# value in the text entry box.
		
		rsltDayField.insert(10, str(calculated_day))
		rsltMonthField.insert(10, str(calculated_month))
		rsltYearField.insert(10, str(calculated_year))
	

# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__" :

	# Create a GUI window
	gui = Tk()

	# Set the background colour of GUI window 
	gui.configure(background = "light green")

	# set the name of tkinter GUI window 
	gui.title("Age Calculator")

	# Set the configuration of GUI window
	gui.geometry("525x260")

	# Create a Date Of Birth : label 
	dob = Label(gui, text = "Date Of Birth", bg = "blue")

	# Create a Given Date : label
	givenDate = Label(gui, text = "Given Date", bg = "blue")

	# Create a Day : label
	day = Label(gui, text = "Day", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Month : label
	month = Label(gui, text = "Month", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Year : label
	year = Label(gui, text = "Year", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Given Day : label
	givenDay = Label(gui, text = "Given Day", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Given Month : label
	givenMonth = Label(gui, text = "Given Month", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Given Year : label
	givenYear = Label(gui, text = "Given Year", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Years : label
	rsltYear = Label(gui, text = "Years", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Months : label
	rsltMonth = Label(gui, text = "Months", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Days : label
	rsltDay = Label(gui, text = "Days", bg = "light green")

	# Create a Resultant Age Button and attached to calculateAge function
	resultantAge = Button(gui, text = "Resultant Age", fg = "Black", bg = "Red", command = calculateAge)

	# Create a Clear All Button and attached to clearAll function
	clearAllEntry = Button(gui, text = "Clear All", fg = "Black", bg = "Red", command = clearAll)

	# Create a text entry box for filling or typing the information. 
	dayField = Entry(gui)
	monthField = Entry(gui)
	yearField = Entry(gui)
	
	givenDayField = Entry(gui)
	givenMonthField = Entry(gui)
	givenYearField = Entry(gui)
	
	rsltYearField = Entry(gui)
	rsltMonthField = Entry(gui)
	rsltDayField = Entry(gui)


	# grid method is used for placing 
	# the widgets at respective positions 
	# in table like structure .
	dob.grid(row = 0, column = 1)
	
	day.grid(row = 1, column = 0)
	dayField.grid(row = 1, column = 1)
	
	month.grid(row = 2, column = 0)
	monthField.grid(row = 2, column = 1)
	
	year.grid(row = 3, column = 0)
	yearField.grid(row = 3, column = 1)
	
	givenDate.grid(row = 0, column = 4)
	
	givenDay.grid(row = 1, column = 3)
	givenDayField.grid(row = 1, column = 4)
	
	givenMonth.grid(row = 2, column = 3)
	givenMonthField.grid(row = 2, column = 4)
	
	givenYear.grid(row = 3, column = 3)
	givenYearField.grid(row = 3, column = 4)
	
	resultantAge.grid(row = 4, column = 2)
	
	rsltYear.grid(row = 5, column = 2)
	rsltYearField.grid(row = 6, column = 2)
	
	rsltMonth.grid(row = 7, column = 2)
	rsltMonthField.grid(row = 8, column = 2)
	
	rsltDay.grid(row = 9, column = 2)
	rsltDayField.grid(row = 10, column = 2)

	clearAllEntry.grid(row = 12, column = 2)

	# Start the GUI
	gui.mainloop() 

class A(object):  
     def __init__(self):  
         self.A=1  
         self.B=2  
obj=A()  
print(obj.__dict__)
Output:
{'A': 1, 'B': 2}

d={'A':1,'B':2,'C':3}
key=input("Enter key to check:")
if key in d.keys():
      print("Key is present and value of the key is:")
      print(d[key])
else:
      print("Key isn't present!")

Enter key to check:B
Key is present and value of the key is:
2
Enter key to check:D
Key isn't present!

key=int(input("Enter the key (int) to be added:"))
value=int(input("Enter the value for the key to be added:"))
d={}
d.update({key:value})
print("Updated dictionary is:")
print(d)

Enter the key (int) to be added:6
Enter the value for the key to be added:666
Updated dictionary is:
{6: 666}

dt = {'a': 'juice', 'b': 'grill', 'c': 'corn'}

for key, value in dt.items():
    print(key, value)

Output:
a juice
b grill
c corn

import os

file_stat = os.stat('ballonboys.png')
print(file_stat.st_size)

Output:
188858
(188.8Kb)

# setting default parameter values
def calcArea(r, pi=3.14):
    area = pi*(r**2)
    print( "Area: {}".format(area))
calcArea(2)     # assuming radius is the value of 2
Area: 12.56
Output:
Area: 12.56

# using args parameter to take in a tuple of arbitrary values
def outputData(name,*args):
    print(type(args))
    print(args)
    for arg in args:
        print(arg)
outputData("John Smith",5, True, "Jess",123)

Output:
<class 'tuple'>
(5, True, 'Jess', 123)
5
True
Jess
123

# using kwargs parameter to take in a dictionary of arbitrary values
def outputData(**kwargs):
    print( type(kwargs))
    print(kwargs)
    print( kwargs[ "name" ] )
    print( kwargs[ "num" ] )
outputData(name = "John Smith", num = 5, b = True)

Output:
<class 'dict'>
{'name': 'John Smith', 'num': 5, 'b': True}
John Smith
5

empty={}
person= {'name':'John','age':26}
print(person)
print(dict())
print(person["name"],person["age"])
print(person.get("birthday","birthday is not available"))
# improperly storing a list within a dictionary
sports = [ "baseball", "football", "hockey", "soccer" ]
sports_dict = {"sports":sports}     # will produce error, no key
print(sports_dict)

Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 26}
{}
John 26
birthday is not available
{'sports': ['baseball', 'football', 'hockey', 'soccer']}

# updating a value for a key/value pair that already exists
car = { "year": 2018, "color": "Blue" }
car["color"] = "White"
print( "Year: {} \t Color: {}".format( car["year"], car["color"] ) )
# deleting a key/value pair from a dictionary
car = { "year": 2018,"model":"Mercedes" }
try:
      del car["year"]
      print(car)
except:
      print("That key does not exist")

Output:
Year: 2018 	 Color: White
{'model': 'Mercedes'}

def remove_chars(word, n):
    print('Original string:', word)
    x = word[n:]
    return x

print("Removing characters from a string")
print(remove_chars("pynative", 4))
print(remove_chars("pynative", 2))

Output:
Removing characters from a string
Original string: pynative
tive
Original string: pynative
native

class Car():
    color="red"
    sound="beep"
ford=Car()
print(ford.color)
print(ford.sound)
ford.sound="honk"
print(ford.sound)
print(ford)
red
beep
honk
class Car():
    def __init__(self,color,year):
        self.color=color
        self.year=year
ford=Car("Blue",2008)
renault=Car("Grey",2011)
print(ford.color,ford.year)
print(renault.color,renault.year)
Blue 2008
Grey 2011
 # using and accessing global class attributes
class Car( ):
    sound = "beep"   # global attribute, accessible through the class itself
    def __init__(self, color):
        self.color = "blue"     #  instance specific attribute, not accessible through the class itself
print(Car.sound)
ford = Car("blue")
print(ford.sound, ford.color)   
ford.sound="honk"
print(ford.sound)
beep
beep blue
honk

class Dog():
    species="Canine"
    def __init__(self,name,breed):
        self.name=name
        self.breed=breed
dog1=Dog("Sammi","Husky")
dog2=Dog("Casey","Chocolate Lab")
print("My dog is from {} species. His name is {} and his breed is {}.".format(dog1.species,dog1.name,dog1.breed))

My dog is from Canine species. His name is Sammi and his breed is Husky.

class Person():
    name=input("please type your name: ")
x=Person()
print(x.name)
please type your name: Al
Al

class Dog:
    def MakeSound(self):
        print("Bark!")
sam=Dog()
sam.MakeSound()
Bark!
#  understanding which methods are accessible via the class itself and class instances
class Dog( ):
    sound = "bark"
    def makeSound(self):
        print(self.sound)
    def printInfo( ):
        print("I am a dog.")
Dog.printInfo( )       

sam = Dog()
sam.makeSound()     
I am a dog.
bark

class Dog():
    def ShowAge(self,age):
        print(age)
sam=Dog()
sam.ShowAge(6)
6

# using methods to set or return attribute values, proper programming practice
class Dog( ):
    name = ' '     #  would normally use init method to declare, this is for testing purposes
    def setName(self, new_name):
        self.name = new_name      #  declares the new value for the name attribute
    def getName(self):
        return self.name       # returns the value of the name attribute
sam = Dog( )
sam.setName("Sammi")
print( sam.getName( ) )       # prints the returned value of self.name
Sammi

class Dog():
    age=5
    def HappyBirthday(self):
        self.age+=1
sam=Dog()
for i in range(27):
    sam.HappyBirthday()
print(sam.age)
32

class Dog():
    age = 6 
    def GetAge(self):
        return self.age
    def PrintInfo(self):
        if self.GetAge()<10:
            print("Puppy!")
sam=Dog()
print(sam.GetAge())
sam.PrintInfo()
6
Puppy!
class Duck:
    def __init__(self,**kwargs):
        self.variables=kwargs
    def set_variable(self,k,v):
        self.variables[k]=v
    def get_variable(self,k):
        return self.variables.get(k,None)
def main():
    donald = Duck(feet=52,color='red')
    print(donald.get_variable('feet'))
    print(donald.get_variable('color'))
    donald.set_variable('color','blue')
    donald.set_variable('IQ','low')
    print(donald.get_variable('IQ'))
    

    
if __name__ == "__main__": main()
52
red
low

# Define the class
class Employee:
    name = "Johnson"
    # Define the method
    def details(self):
        print("Post: Associate")
        print("Department: QC")
        print("Salary: $6000")

# Create the employee object    
emp = Employee()
# Print the class variable
print("Name:",emp.name)
# Call the class method
emp.details()

Output:
Name: Johnson
Post: Associate
Department: QC
Salary: $6000

class check():
    def __init__(self):
        self.n=[]
    def add(self,a):
        return self.n.append(a)
    def remove(self,b):
        self.n.remove(b)
    def dis(self):
        return (self.n)
 
obj=check()
 
choice=1
while choice!=0:
    print("0. Exit")
    print("1. Add")
    print("2. Delete")
    print("3. Display")
    choice=int(input("Enter choice: "))
    if choice==1:
        n=int(input("Enter number to append: "))
        obj.add(n)
        print("List: ",obj.dis())
 
    elif choice==2:
        n=int(input("Enter number to remove: "))
        obj.remove(n)
        print("List: ",obj.dis())
 
    elif choice==3:
        print("List: ",obj.dis())
    elif choice==0:
        print("Exiting!")
    else:
        print("Invalid choice!!")
 
print()

0. Exit
1. Add
2. Delete
3. Display
Enter choice: 1
Enter number to append: 4
List:  [4]
0. Exit
1. Add
2. Delete
3. Display
Enter choice: 3
List:  [4]
0. Exit
1. Add
2. Delete
3. Display
Enter choice: 2
Enter number to remove: 4
List:  []
0. Exit
1. Add
2. Delete
3. Display
Enter choice: 0
Exiting!

def minimize_lateness(ttimes, dtimes):
    """Return minimum max lateness and the schedule to obtain it.
 
    (min_lateness, schedule) is returned.
 
    Lateness of a request i is L(i) = finish time of i - deadline of if
    request i finishes after its deadline.
    The maximum lateness is the maximum value of L(i) over all i.
    min_lateness is the minimum value of the maximum lateness that can be
    achieved by optimally scheduling the requests.
 
    schedule is a list that contains the indexes of the requests ordered such
    that minimum maximum lateness is achieved.
 
    ttime[i] is the time taken to complete request i.
    dtime[i] is the deadline of request i.
    """
    # index = [0, 1, 2, ..., n - 1] for n requests
    index = list(range(len(dtimes)))
    # sort according to deadlines
    index.sort(key=lambda i: dtimes[i])
 
    min_lateness = 0
    start_time = 0
    for i in index:
        min_lateness = max(min_lateness,
                           (ttimes[i] + start_time) - dtimes[i])
        start_time += ttimes[i]
 
    return min_lateness, index
 
 
n = int(input('Enter number of requests: '))
ttimes = input('Enter the time taken to complete the {} request(s) in order: '
              .format(n)).split()
ttimes = [int(tt) for tt in ttimes]
dtimes = input('Enter the deadlines of the {} request(s) in order: '
               .format(n)).split()
dtimes = [int(dt) for dt in dtimes]
 
min_lateness, schedule = minimize_lateness(ttimes, dtimes)
print('The minimum maximum lateness:', min_lateness)
print('The order in which the requests should be scheduled:', schedule)

Enter number of requests: 3
Enter the time taken to complete the 3 request(s) in order: 3 4 5
Enter the deadlines of the 3 request(s) in order: 4 3 1
The minimum maximum lateness: 8
The order in which the requests should be scheduled: [2, 1, 0]

import math
print("Enter the coefficients of the form ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d")
lst=[]
for i in range(0,4):
    a=int(input("Enter coefficient:"))
    lst.append(a)
x=int(input("Enter the value of x:"))
sum1=0
j=3
for i in range(0,3):
    while(j>0):
        sum1=sum1+(lst[i]*math.pow(x,j))
        break
    j=j-1
sum1=sum1+lst[3]
print("The value of the polynomial is:",sum1)

Enter the coefficients of the form ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d
Enter coefficient:3
Enter coefficient:4
Enter coefficient:1
Enter coefficient:2
Enter the value of x:12
The value of the polynomial is: 5774.0

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
       self.data = data
       self.next = None
 
class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None
        self.last_node = None
 
    def append(self, data):
        if self.last_node is None:
            self.head = Node(data)
            self.last_node = self.head
        else:
            self.last_node.next = Node(data)
            self.last_node = self.last_node.next
 
    def display(self):
        current = self.head
        while current is not None:
            print(current.data, end = ' ')
            current = current.next
 
a_llist = LinkedList()
n = int(input('How many elements would you like to add? '))
for i in range(n):
    data = int(input('Enter data item: '))
    a_llist.append(data)
print('The linked list: ', end = '')
a_llist.display()

How many elements would you like to add? 4
Enter data item: 21
Enter data item: 22
Enter data item: 23
Enter data item: 24
The linked list: 21 22 23 24 

def cocktail_shaker_sort(alist):
    def swap(i, j):
        alist[i], alist[j] = alist[j], alist[i]
 
    upper = len(alist) - 1
    lower = 0
 
    no_swap = False
    while (not no_swap and upper - lower > 1):
        no_swap = True
        for j in range(lower, upper):
            if alist[j + 1] < alist[j]:
                swap(j + 1, j)
                no_swap = False
        upper = upper - 1
 
        for j in range(upper, lower, -1):
            if alist[j - 1] > alist[j]:
                swap(j - 1, j)
                no_swap = False
        lower = lower + 1
 
 
alist = input('Enter the list of numbers: ').split()
alist = [int(x) for x in alist]
cocktail_shaker_sort(alist)
print('Sorted list: ', end='')
print(alist)

Enter the list of numbers: 1 3 122 33 12 31 67
Sorted list: [1, 3, 12, 31, 33, 67, 122]

def binary_search(alist, start, end, key):
    """Search key in alist[start... end - 1]."""
    if not start < end:
        return -1
 
    mid = (start + end)//2
    if alist[mid] < key:
        return binary_search(alist, mid + 1, end, key)
    elif alist[mid] > key:
        return binary_search(alist, start, mid, key)
    else:
        return mid
 
 
alist = input('Enter the sorted list of numbers: ')
alist = alist.split()
alist = [int(x) for x in alist]
key = int(input('The number to search for: '))
 
index = binary_search(alist, 0, len(alist), key)
if index < 0:
    print('{} was not found.'.format(key))
else:
    print('{} was found at index {}.'.format(key, index))

Enter the sorted list of numbers: 1 3 12 22 24 29 124 134 168
The number to search for: 22
22 was found at index 3.

principle=float(input("Enter the principle amount:"))
time=int(input("Enter the time(years):"))
rate=float(input("Enter the rate:"))
simple_interest=(principle*time*rate)/100
print("The simple interest is:",simple_interest)

Enter the principle amount:1000
Enter the time(years):5
Enter the rate:2
The simple interest is: 100.0

#Imports
import scipy.stats as stats
import numpy as np
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#Initialize this object to have mean 100 and standard deviation 15
normal=stats.norm(loc=100, scale=15)
#Generate a random sample by calling the method .rvs(size=10)
normal.rvs(size=10,random_state=143)
normal_sample = normal.rvs(size=1000,random_state=123)
#Data visualization 
plt.hist(normal_sample,density=True,label="Sample")
plt.title("Normal Distribution")
plt.ylabel("Density")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

import numpy as np

#Input data 
x = np.linspace(0, 10, num=11)
y = np.cos(-x**2 / 9.0)
#Interpolated data
xnew = np.linspace(0, 10, num=1001)
ynew = np.interp(xnew, x, y)
#Plotting

!pip install scipy
from scipy.interpolate import CubicSpline
x = np.linspace(0, 10, num=11)
y = np.cos(-x**2 / 9.)
spl = CubicSpline(x, y)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, ax = plt.subplots(4, 1, figsize=(5, 7))
xnew = np.linspace(0, 10, num=1001)
ax[0].plot(xnew, spl(xnew))
ax[0].plot(x, y, 'o', label='data')
ax[1].plot(xnew, spl(xnew, nu=1), '--', label='1st derivative')
ax[2].plot(xnew, spl(xnew, nu=2), '--', label='2nd derivative')
ax[3].plot(xnew, spl(xnew, nu=3), '--', label='3rd derivative')
for j in range(4):
    ax[j].legend(loc='best')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

from scipy.interpolate import Rbf
import numpy as np

xs = np.arange(10)
ys = xs**2 + np.sin(xs) + 1

interp_func = Rbf(xs, ys)

newarr = interp_func(np.arange(2.1, 3, 0.1))

print(newarr)

Output:
[6.25748981 6.62190817 7.00310702 7.40121814 7.8161443  8.24773402
 8.69590519 9.16070828 9.64233874]

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import ttest_ind

v1 = np.random.normal(size=100)
v2 = np.random.normal(size=100)

res = ttest_ind(v1, v2)

print(res)

Output:
TtestResult(statistic=-0.8997123569279699, pvalue=0.3693662643518123, df=198.0)

res = ttest_ind(v1, v2).pvalue

print(res)
Output:
0.3693662643518123

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import kstest

v = np.random.normal(size=100)

res = kstest(v, 'norm')

print(res)

Output:
KstestResult(statistic=0.1104241179689904, pvalue=0.1618558205968601, statistic_location=-0.43874235149535057, statistic_sign=-1)

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import describe

v = np.random.normal(size=100)
res = describe(v)

print(res)

Output:
DescribeResult(nobs=100, minmax=(-2.7571044220956993, 2.544130284926933), mean=-0.0105847884817091, variance=1.1206726848849227, skewness=0.012446214239738313, kurtosis=-0.23013590681590568)

from scipy import io
import numpy as np

arr = np.arange(10)

io.savemat('arr.mat', {"vec": arr})

from scipy import io
import numpy as np

arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,])

# Export:
io.savemat('arr.mat', {"vec": arr})

# Import:
mydata = io.loadmat('arr.mat')

print(mydata)

Output:
{'__header__': b'MATLAB 5.0 MAT-file Platform: nt, Created on: Fri Feb 23 22:08:10 2024', '__version__': '1.0', '__globals__': [], 'vec': array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]])}

print(mydata['vec'])
[[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]]

from scipy.optimize import root
from math import cos

def eqn(x):
  return x + cos(x)

myroot = root(eqn, 0)

print(myroot.x)

Output:
[-0.73908513]

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial import Delaunay
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

points = np.array([
  [2, 4],
  [3, 4],
  [3, 0],
  [2, 2],
  [4, 1]
])

simplices = Delaunay(points).simplices

plt.triplot(points[:, 0], points[:, 1], simplices)
plt.scatter(points[:, 0], points[:, 1], color='r')

plt.show()

def func(a):
    a += 10
    return a

def main():
    x = 5
    y = func(x)
    x += y
    print(x)

main()
20

mydic={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}

my_string = "Python is fun!"
result = my_string[-6:-1] + my_string[-2] + my_string[-8]
print(result)
s funn

list_a=[1,2,4,5]
def find_sum_of_the_list(data):
    return sum(data)
print(find_sum_of_the_list(list_a))
12

def f(x = 100, y = 100): 
    return(x+y, x-y) 
x, y = f(y = 200, x = 100) 
print(x, y)
300 -100

a=[2,5,3,4]
a[2:2]=[2]
print (a)
[2, 5, 2, 3, 4]

print (4/(3*(2-1)))
1.3333333333333333

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 
squared = [x**2 for x in numbers] 
print(squared) 
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

round(0.5) 
0

24//4//2
3