Stephen Hurrell is a truly remarkable scientist whose application of the scientific method has enabled him to unravel many of the mysteries that surround the history of the Earth.
One of the most enduring mysteries about the dinosaurs is their massive size, with the largest dinosaurs weighing several times the mass of the largest Elephant.
It wasn’t just dinosaurs that were massive on the ancient Earth, there were giant crocodiles, insects and plants that were all much larger than we would expect.
In this world of giants all life appears shifted towards a larger size.
Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth
Stephen Hurrell
http://www.dinox.org/
Stephen Hurrell, following in the footsteps of Galileo Galilei, understands that size matters because “a large structure proportioned in exactly the same way as a smaller one must necessarily be weaker known as the square-cube law”.
Galileo Galilei – 1638
Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New SciencesClick to access Galileo_0416_EBk_v6.0.pdf
The sciences named in the title are the strength of materials and the motion of objects. Galileo worked on an additional section on the force of percussion, but was not able to complete it to his own satisfaction.
The discussion begins with a demonstration of the reasons that a large structure proportioned in exactly the same way as a smaller one must necessarily be weaker known as the square-cube law.
Stephen Hurrell, following in the footsteps of Sir D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, understands that gravity is a limiting factor for the size of life.
Sir D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson – 1917 – On Growth and Form
http://archive.org/details/ongrowthform00thomThe central theme of On Growth and Form is that biologists of its author’s day overemphasized evolution as the fundamental determinant of the form and structure of living organisms, and underemphasized the roles of physical laws and mechanics.
He advocated structuralism as an alternative to survival of the fittest in governing the form of species.
On the concept of allometry, the study of the relationship of body size and shape, Thompson wrote:
“An organism is so complex a thing, and growth so complex a phenomenon, that for growth to be so uniform and constant in all the parts as to keep the whole shape unchanged would indeed be an unlikely and an unusual circumstance. Rates vary, proportions change, and the whole configuration alters accordingly.”
Thompson pointed out example after example of correlations between biological forms and mechanical phenomena. He showed the similarity in the forms of jellyfish and the forms of drops of liquid falling into viscous fluid, and between the internal supporting structures in the hollow bones of birds and well-known engineering truss designs.
His observations of phyllotaxis (numerical relationships between spiral structures in plants) and the Fibonacci sequence has become a textbook staple.
Stephen Hurrell initially noted that large dinosaurs are dynamic similarity to smaller animals that are alive today. From this initial observational evidence his researches progressed through leg bone strength, ligament strength, and blood pressure so that he could trace the history of Earth’s Gravity.
Dynamic Similarity
Palaeontologists have noted that large dinosaurs appear to be dynamically similar to smaller animals alive today (Alexander, 1983, 1989; Bakker, 1986).The gravity at the time of ancient life can be estimated from the relative scale of dynamically similar ancient and modern life.
In practice, the dynamic similarity of the largest life is the most easy to compare since this life defines the upper size limit for a particular form of life in a defined gravity.
Leg Bone Strength
The strength of leg bones necessary to support the mass of today’s life has been measured by a number of researchers (Anderson et al, 1985). Researchers have also estimated the body mass of dinosaurs based on the volume of these dinosaurs (Colbert, 1962).Since leg bone strength will be weaker in a reduced gravity, the gravity at the time of ancient life can be estimated from fossil leg bones.
In general, the body mass estimates based on volume methods greatly exceed those based on leg bone strength. This variation between the body mass estimates and the leg bone strength can be used to roughly calculate ancient gravity when the ancient life was alive.
Ligament Strength
Ligaments are not fossilised but the size and shape of dinosaurs’ bones have been used to estimate the strength of the neck ligaments of Diplodocus (Alexander, 1989).The gravity at the time of ancient life can be estimated from the strength of neck ligaments. The variation between the actual strength of the ligament and the required strength of the ligament can be used to estimate the relative scale of life and hence roughly calculate gravity when the ancient life was alive.
Blood Pressure
The relative scale of ancient life can be estimated from the blood pressure of ancient life.
Blood pressure is proportional to blood mass, gravity and height so it is possible to calculate blood pressure in ancient life and compare this with the blood pressure of modern life.Ancient Life’s Gravity and its Implications for the Expanding Earth
Stephen HurrellInterdisciplinary Workshop on THE EARTH EXPANSION EVIDENCE:
A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and Astronomy
ftp://ftp.ingv.it/pro/web_ingv/37th%20Course/Extended%20Abstracts%20Book.pdf
Understandably, Stephen Hurrell has followed the mainstream Newtonian concept that gravity is associated with Mass. This line of theory leads Stephen Hurrell [correctly] to the conclusion that the Earth has been expanding but for the wrong reason: Increasing Mass.
Ancient Life’s Gravity and its Implications for the Expanding Earth
Stephen Hurrell
ftp://ftp.ingv.it/pro/web_ingv/37th%20Course/pdf%20presentations/07-October-2011/HURRELL%20Presentation.pdf
There is no evidence to support the required level of “increasing mass” for Newtonian gravity.
However, Stephen Hurrell has very clearly presented the observational evidence that surface Gravity is determined by Radius – not mass.
Ancient Life’s Gravity and its Implications for the Expanding Earth
Stephen Hurrell
ftp://ftp.ingv.it/pro/web_ingv/37th%20Course/pdf%20presentations/07-October-2011/HURRELL%20Presentation.pdfOverall, this “real world” observed relationship provides a verifiable [and predictive] formula that underlines the fact that Newtonian heuristics [based upon the calculation an immeasurable mass] are neither meaningful nor scientific.
Newtonian Reality Check
Stephen Hurrell – Website
http://www.dinox.org/
Book Introduction by Stephen Hurrell
Click to access Sample%20pdf-3rd%20edition-Dinosaurs%20and%20the%20Expanding%20Earth.pdf
Amazon UK
Amazon US
The evidence is overwhelming that the earth is expanding! Einstein is wrong, the Big Bang is wrong. So much to do! http://www.einsteinwrong.com
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It became clear to me after much study that the biggest perceived problem with the expanding earth hypothesis concerns the expected gravitational changes. If we postulate that the expansion occurred by a process of decompression and outgassing, i.e. negligible change in mass, then the common understanding leads to the conclusion that the previously smaller, denser earth would have had a stronger surface gravity (the surface being closer to the center of mass). Yet the size of the ancient fauna seems to testify against this conclusion. But now, if I understand correctly, it is proposed that a smaller earth of the same mass would have a weaker surface gravity? If true, that is a game changer for the EE hypothesis.
Following up on the gravity angle though, your foundational post, “Philosophy and Proposition” is puzzling to me. You wrote:
Proposition
1) The Universe is mechanical – there are no mysterious “forces at a distance”.
Plasma provides charged particles and double-layer boundaries.
Electro-magnetism causes charge particles to spin.
Spinning charged particles entrain neutral particles.
Spinning particles generate vortices within double-layer boundaries
Vortices generate centripetal forces [commonly called gravity].
Centripetal force results in density separation.
Centripetal force accretes central spherical objects..
Where is this proposition elucidated a little more fully? Specifically, what is the best evidence that a smaller earth of the same mass as today would have weaker gravity at the surface, contrary to Newton? (I will also investigate the Hurrell website for further clues.)
Where is this proposition elucidated a little more fully?
That is “a work in progress”… and my progress is documented on this site…
Reworking “from the ground up” is not a “five minute job”… its a long haul…
The following links list most of the “gravity” and “tides” related postings:
https://malagabay.wordpress.com/category/gravity/
https://malagabay.wordpress.com/category/tides/
Certainly true! Especially when we do not rush to judgment and the enshrinement of a final answer, but instead take time to become familiar with all the neglected evidence, even when confusing and seemingly contradictory..
yes but theory is wrong with mass, it suppose to be opposite- black hole is great example, and what explains dinosaurs is what there was much less water on earth before due to most of hydrogen wasn’t released from the core, there still was enough to make most of the planet one big swamp, and in a water is much easier for big weight. Also loosing hydrogen from the core explains why it expands
An increase of height is a well-studied phenomenon on space missions.
A human body changes in the absence of normal gravity, with the spine becoming straighter and more elongated.
Growth is usually recorded between 3cm and 5cm – a far cry from the 9cm reported by Kanai, who is also a medical doctor.
Incredible stretching astro man: Japanese astronaut grows 9cm in height during 3 weeks aboard ISS
RT.com – 9 Jan 2018
https://www.rt.com/news/415333-japanese-astronaut-gains-height/
Turned out to be phoney – only 2cm.
http://arstechnica.com/science/2018/01/alas-that-japanese-astronaut-did-not-really-grow-9cm-in-space/
Thanks for the correction.
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How come the earth can have the same mass but higher gravity when a gas driven expansion has inflated it?
Fredrik Nygaard suggest that the earth has expanded a lot and that gravity is a side effect of the E/M field arising from the electric potential between the crust´s inside and outside. The crust mantle then act as a capacitor. The thicker the crust the less potential it carries and the the thinner it gets the more potential it carries and more gravity will be experienced.
He has a book on line:
Click to access Universe-of-Particles.pdf
However, there are a series of articles by him that are more easy to digest here: https://www.checktheevidence.com/wordpress/page/2/?s=Fredrik+Nygaard&submit=Search
Where I recommend I first look at the essay called “A Capacitor Model of Gravity”.
The theory of a core of iron to explain gravity is not obvious since it does not explain the change in gravity that can be concluded from dinosaur evidence.
Many thanks Tim, been reading your amazing site for a while now. I like your style of approach: get the facts and make your own conclusions.
If gravity is a centripetal effect does our experience of it suggest that it applies in/on, at least, two planes/axis both the axis of rotation and the inertial plane of the equator? [rhetorical]
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